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The Golden Age of Laserdisc Arcade Games: An Exhaustive Analysis of the Dragon’s Lair and Space Ace Franchise

The year 1983 marked a watershed moment in the history of interactive entertainment. While the arcade industry was dominated by sprite-based and vector-graphics games, a revolutionary technological paradigm disrupted the market1. Through the integration of optical LaserDisc technology with microprocessor controls, developers achieved the marriage of full-motion, feature-quality animation with player interactivity2.
At the vanguard of this movement were Advanced Microcomputer Systems (later RDI Video Systems), Cinematronics, and Don Bluth Productions, whose collaborative efforts birthed Dragon's Lair (1983) and Space Ace (1984)4. These titles eschewed traditional direct-control mechanics in favor of branching cinematic narratives driven by discrete, timed inputs—a mechanic now universally recognized as the Quick Time Event (QTE)2.
This comprehensive report provides an exhaustive breakdown of the Dragon's Lair trilogy, detailing scene counts, clip lengths, fatality mechanics, narrative plots, and optimal completion pathways. Furthermore, it explores the broader landscape of concurrent LaserDisc arcade games, ultimately analyzing the cultural and mechanical legacy that cemented these titles as legendary artifacts of video game history.

The Technological Architecture of the Laserdisc Arcade

To understand the gameplay loop of Dragon's Lair and its successors, one must first examine the underlying hardware. The arcade cabinets utilized commercial LaserDisc players, most notably the Pioneer PR-7820 and later the LD-V1000, interfaced with a Z80 microprocessor7.
Instead of generating graphics in real-time, the game’s CPU read the player's joystick and button inputs and subsequently commanded the LaserDisc player to seek and play specific frames of pre-rendered video2. The player was not maneuvering a digital sprite across a screen; they were triggering discrete video branches. A correct directional input or action button press during a designated window—often lasting only fractions of a second—instructed the laser pickup to smoothly jump to the "success" video track, advancing the scene. An incorrect input, or a failure to act, triggered a jump to a "death" animation track, followed by a deduction of a player life and a reset of the scene10.

This technology allowed for unprecedented visual fidelity. Dragon's Lair featured full-cel animation produced by veteran Disney animator Don Bluth and his studio. A team consisting of over 13 animators and 36 artists hand-drew approximately 50,000 frames at a rate of 24 frames per second4. Operating on a budget of roughly $3 million, the team completed the animation in just seven months8.

Game 1: Dragon's Lair (1983)

Plot and Thematic Premise

Dragon's Lair casts the player as Dirk the Daring, a clumsy but courageous knight on a quest to rescue Princess Daphne. She has been kidnapped by the evil dragon Singe and imprisoned within a magical glass globe deep inside a treacherous, trap-filled castle owned by the foul wizard Mordroc10. Dirk must navigate the castle's myriad chambers, relying on his agility and his sword to survive falling platforms, crypt creeps, mudmen, and the Black Knight, before a final confrontation with Singe in the dragon's lair12.

Scene Structure, Clip Lengths, and Logic

The original arcade game features a total of 22 minutes (or 50,000 frames) of animated footage2. A perfect, flawless run of the arcade game takes exactly 12 minutes to complete2.
The sequencing of Dragon's Lair is not entirely linear; it utilizes a pseudo-randomized shuffling algorithm. In a full game, the CPU selects from a pool of 39 distinct scenes14. Excluding the mirrored variations (where the video is flipped horizontally to create a "new" room) and multi-tiered elevator levels, there are approximately 24 uniquely animated rooms15.
The arcade programming divides a full playthrough into three distinct "cycles" using a matrix logic system: During the first cycle, the CPU randomly selects one scene from the first row of available room clusters (e.g., the Flaming Ropes or the Closing Brick Wall), then proceeds sequentially down 13 rows of scene categories14. Once 12 scenes are cleared and the first instance of the multi-level "Elevator Floor" is survived, the first cycle ends. For the second and third cycles, the CPU returns to the top of the internal logic matrix and selects from the rooms that were not played in the previous cycles14.

Death Nodes and Fatality Mechanics

A defining characteristic of the franchise is its elaborate "Death Scenes" (internally referred to as Death Nodes). Because Dirk is animated reacting to the player's failures, the deaths are highly cinematic, ranging from darkly comedic to surprisingly violent. Dirk can be incinerated, electrocuted, crushed, or consumed by spiders depending on the specific hazard16.
When a player fails an input, the game plays the specific death node for that hazard. Following the death, a transitional sequence shows Dirk's skeletal remains crumbling before he magically regenerates to try again16. If Dirk dies in a scene, that scene is queued for replay. The game limits queued scenes to a maximum of 8 per player. Queued scenes are replayed immediately after the third cycle, forcing the player to master their past mistakes before they are permitted to enter the final scene: The Dragon's Lair14.

The Fastest Path to Victory (Flawless Walkthrough)

Because the game accepts an 8-way joystick input, diagonal inputs are processed distinctively, and timing is absolute17. Below is the definitive exhaustive sequence of correct inputs required to survive the primary unique scenes of Dragon's Lair.

Scene Description	Correct Input Sequence	Timing / Strategic Notes
The Drawbridge (Intro)	Sword, Up	The very first move is unprompted by flashes; requires raw intuition13.
Bower (Closing Wall)	Up	React immediately as the wall begins to close17.
Fire Pit (Swinging Ropes)	Right, Right, Right, Right	Wait for the rope to swing near Dirk before each jump13.
Flying Barding (Magic Horse)	Right, Left, Right, Left, Left, Left	Inputs map to dodging physical pillars and fire17.
Wizard's Kitchen (Drink Me)	Right	Move right away from the potion17.
Mausoleum (Crypt Creeps)	Up, Sword, Up, Sword, Left, Sword	Time sword strikes immediately as skeletal hands appear17.
Pirates (Underground River)	Left, Right, Left, Right, Up, Up, Up, Up, Right, Left, Right, Left, Up	Anticipate whirlpools and rapids; wait for a running start to jump the river15.
Elevator Floor	Left	Wait until Dirk perfectly aligns with the catwalk (3 chances given)17.
Vestibule (Crumbling Room)	Down, Right	Escape before the floor completely gives way17.
Boulder Trench (Colored Balls)	Down, Down, Down, Down, Down, Down, Up	Move strictly after a colored boulder passes horizontally in front of Dirk17.
Three Caves (Geyser/Door)	Up, Up, Left	Move when the jagged doors are fully open and geysers are at zero height17.
Knight & Light (Black Knight)	Left, Left, Right	Diagonal Up/Left is also recognized by the system as valid17.
Socker Boppers (Grim Reaper)	Up, Sword, Down, Up	Move immediately after the two boppers cross the center path simultaneously17.
Pot of Gold (Lizard King)	Left, Left, Right, Left, Right, Down, Sword	Follow the magic pot, avoid the scepter, and retrieve the sword13.
Forge (Smithee)	Sword, Sword, Left, Sword, Sword	A death node here infamously shows Dirk's sword breaking, despite being intact later16.
Breathing Door (Wind Room)	Right, Right, Right, Sword	Time inputs with the shifting winds17.
Tentacles & Halberd	Sword, Up, Right, Down, Left, Up	The heuristic is: Sword, then move in a circle to the exit15.
Mist Room (Snakes)	Sword, Up, Left, Left, Down	Strike the first snake, then evade17.
Wizard's Chamber (Acid)	Up, Sword, Down, Sword, Right	Strike the monster emerging from the phial, retreat, then strike the cauldron15.
YMCA Room (Flattening Stairs)	Left, Right, Up, Right, Left, Right, Left, Sword	Requires pairs of opposite horizontal moves15.
Spiral Staircase (Giddy Goons)	Sword, Right, Sword, Up, Left	An unused death node featured Dirk being brutally impaled if he moved right immediately20.
Fire Room (Lightning/Bench)	Right, Up, Down, Left	Move right after the first lightning strike15.
Yellow Brick Road (Spider)	Up, Sword	Avoid the pool of water, then slay the spider17.
Catwalk (Bats)	Up, Up, Sword, Right	Fend off bats before taking the open walkway to the right15.
Chapel (Checkerboard Floor)	Down, Up, Left, Left, Left, Left, Left	Do not press forward late, or Dirk will be trapped in a cage15.
Giant Bat	Sword, Left, Right, Sword	Slay the bat, evade the falling debris17.
Throne Room	Right, Right, Sword	Avoid the electrical traps17.
Tilting Room	Right, Left, Right	Balance the room by countering the tilt17.
Lava Field (Mudmen)	Down, Right, Right, Up, Left, Right	Down to dodge mudmen, right to avoid the magma explosion13.
The Dragon's Lair (Singe)	Left, Left, Right, Right, Up, Right, Sword	The final confrontation. Requires precise evasion before a fatal sword strike to Singe17.

*Note: Whenever the CPU selects the "Reversed" version of a room, all Left and Right inputs are inverted. Up, Down, and Sword remain identical.*21.

Game 2: Space Ace (1984)

Following the staggering financial success of Dragon's Lair, Don Bluth, Rick Dyer, and Cinematronics (under the Magicom banner) rushed to produce a follow-up. Completed in late 1983 and released in early 1984, Space Ace took the interactive cartoon into a science-fiction setting and introduced vastly more complex gameplay mechanics4.

Plot and Thematic Premise

The narrative follows the heroic Space Ace, a muscular defender of justice whose nemesis, Commander Borf, attacks him with a weapon called the "Infanto Ray." The ray de-ages Ace into a scrawny, awkward teenager named Dexter22. Borf subsequently kidnaps Dexter's partner, Kimberly, and threatens to use the Infanto Ray on Earth to reduce humanity to helpless infants22. Dexter must infiltrate Borf's space stations, navigate alien planets, and battle robot armadas to rescue Kimberly and defeat Borf22.

Scene Structure, Interactivity, and the "Energize" Mechanic

Space Ace represents a massive leap in player agency compared to Dragon's Lair. It introduced three distinct innovations to the laserdisc formula:

1. Difficulty Selection: At the start of the game, players choose between three skill tiers: "Cadet" (Easy), "Captain" (Medium), and "Space Ace" (Hard)24. The Cadet mode fundamentally alters the game by entirely skipping roughly 50% of the game's scenes, ensuring a quicker, easier path to victory. Only the "Space Ace" difficulty requires the player to survive every sequence on the disc5.
2. Branching Pathways: Unlike the randomized shuffling of Dragon's Lair, Space Ace features explicit branching paths. At the end of certain scenes (such as flying the Star Pac), the player is presented with a visual choice of where to go (e.g., turning left into a space maze or right toward a landing pad). The choice dictates the subsequent level, totaling over 40 distinct choice moments in the game24.
3. The "Energize" Mechanic: This is the game's defining feature. Throughout the game, a flashing "ENERGIZE" prompt appears on Dexter's wrist communicator. If the player ignores it and inputs standard evasive maneuvers, the scene continues with Dexter desperately dodging hazards. However, if the player presses the action button precisely during the prompt, Dexter temporarily transforms back into his adult "Space Ace" form. The animation branches into an entirely different, highly offensive sequence where Ace aggressively destroys enemies rather than fleeing28.

Death Nodes and Completion Length

The introduction of the "Energize" mechanic meant Don Bluth's team had to animate entirely separate success and failure sequences for both Dexter and Ace in the same locations31. Consequently, Space Ace features well over 100 elaborate death animations22.
Despite the increased complexity and branching, a flawless run on the hardest difficulty takes approximately 8 minutes, making it shorter overall than Dragon's Lair32.

The Fastest Path to Victory (Space Ace Difficulty Walkthrough)

To achieve the highest score and the best ending, the player must consistently choose to "Energize" and play as Ace. Below is the critical path for optimal completion28.

Scene	Optimal Input Sequence (Ace Route)	Strategic Notes
Opening Borf Encounter	Right, Right, Left, Left	If you fail to Energize, you skip to the shuttle escape28.
Space Maze	Up, Left, Up, Fire, Left, Fire, Down, Fire	Do not move until the ship approaches the maze33.
Space Station Landing	Up, Right, Up, Up, Fire, Right, Fire, Left, Up, Fire, Right, Right	Choose the Right portal to proceed to the Platforms27.
The Rafts	Left, Up, Fire, Fire, Left, Fire, Fire, Left, Fire, Fire, Left	Wait until Dexter turns away from the tube and the Energize sound begins33.
To The Ship	Up, Right, Left, Fire, Left, Right, Fire, Right, Fire, Right, Right, Left	Time moves exactly when Ace reaches the flashing tile33.
Garbage Compactor	Fire, Left, Up, Fire, Fire, Left, Fire, Right, Fire, Left	Avoid the trash mashers by leaping onto heaps33.
The Star Pac Dogfight	Left, Up, Right, Right, Fire, Fire, Up, Down, Up, Fire, Up, Fire, Up, Fire	An indicator will appear when the ship is in the crosshairs33.
Swamp	Fire, Up, Fire, Fire, Fire, Right	Playing as Ace makes this scene significantly easier33.
Skates / Underwater	Left, Up, Right, Fire, Down, Right, Left, Right, Up, Left, Right, Right, Fire, Left, Down, Left, Down, Fire, Fire, Left, Left	The skates sequence moves faster than expected; be alert33.
Hexter Confrontation	Fire, Fire, Dodge	Dexter is confronted by an evil doppelgänger posing as Kimberly. Pressing Energize summons Giant Hexter35.
The Final Confrontation	Up, Fire, Fire, Right, Left, Fire, Fire, Right, Fire, Fire, Up, Down, Fire, Right, Up, Down, Right, Left, Right, Left, Fire, Left, Right, Right, Right, Left	Move Left to pick up the rod after saving Kimberly, then immediately Fire33.

Game 3: Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp (1991)

Though development began in the mid-1980s, the video game crash of 1983 halted production, forcing the Bluth Group into bankruptcy4. Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp was eventually completed and released to arcades in 1991, at a time when traditional fighting games were beginning to dominate the landscape4.

Plot and Thematic Premise

Set ten years after the original game, Dirk and Princess Daphne are now married and have 13 children12. Mordroc returns, kidnapping Daphne with the intent to force her into marriage using the "Death Ring"—an artifact that will permanently transform her into a hideous banshee36. Dirk steals a time machine (which houses the soul of Mordroc's brother) and pursues the wizard through various historical and literary epochs36.

Scene Structure and the "Treasure" Mechanic

Time Warp abandons the randomized room generation of the original game in favor of 8 massive, linear, multi-minute stages36. If a player dies, they resume from a fixed checkpoint within that specific era rather than being thrown into a random new level36.
The stages are highly surreal, reflecting Bluth's unrestrained artistic vision:

1. Singe's Castle: Dirk flees his enraged, rolling-pin-wielding mother-in-law to reach the time machine36.
2. Land Before Time: A prehistoric era featuring T-Rexes and bat-winged centaurs36.
3. Dirk in Wonderland: A psychedelic journey through the Looking Glass, evading the Queen of Hearts and the Jabberwock36.
4. Garden of Eden: Dirk accidentally triggers the fall of man by causing an obese Eve to eat the forbidden apple while dodging angry angels36.
5. Beethoven's Creative Gust: Shrunken to the size of a mouse, Dirk navigates Beethoven's piano and is chased by a demonic cat36.
6. Ancient Egypt: Dirk explores a tomb filled with acid and scarabs, chasing a mummified Daphne that turns out to be Mordroc in disguise36.
7. The Ring: The final battle where Daphne is mutated into a monster, and Dirk must remove the ring36.
8. Daphne Awakens: The escape from the crumbling fortress36.

To artificially extend gameplay, the developers introduced a highly controversial "Treasure" mechanic. Scattered throughout the eras are golden items that flash briefly on screen. The player must input an unprompted directional command to collect them. If the player reaches the final stage without all the treasures, the game forces them to loop back to the beginning of the game to collect what they missed36.

Death Nodes: A Shift in Tone

Interestingly, Dragon's Lair II drastically tones down the lethality regarding Dirk himself. An analysis of the death nodes reveals that Dirk physically dies on-camera in only 4.2% of the failure animations. In 55.8% of failures, he is merely left in a state of "immediate danger" as the screen fades to black, and in 15.8% of failures, he survives the mistake entirely, sometimes suffering a magical transformation rather than death41.

The Fastest Path to Victory (Linear Walkthrough with Treasures)

Due to the sheer length of the scenes, the full input list numbers in the hundreds. However, a flawless run relies heavily on securing the mandatory treasures to avoid looping. A truncated mapping of the critical path and treasure collection highlights the grueling nature of the game40.

Stage	Critical Treasure Locations	Core Input Sequence
1: Singe's Castle	Arrow, Bow	Left, Down, Right, Sword, Right, Down, Left, Up, Right (grab Arrow), Right (grab Bow), Sword, Left, Down42.
2: Land Before Time	Prehistoric Egg	Down, Right, Right, Sword, Left, Right (grab Egg), Sword (x5), Left42.
3: Wonderland	Playing Card	Right (grab Card), Sword, Left, Right, Sword, Left, Right, Left, Sword, Right42.
4: Garden of Eden	Golden Apple	Left, Right, Right, Left, Left, Right, Right, Up, Right (grab Apple), Sword (x4), Up, Sword, Sword42.
5: Beethoven's Gust	Hammer, Butterfly	Up, Left, Right, Down, Sword, Right, Left, Left, Down, Sword, Sword, Down, Sword, Right, Down (grab Hammer), Sword, Up, Up, Left, Left (grab Butterfly)42.
6: Ancient Egypt	Dagger, Hourglass	Up (grab Dagger), Left, Sword, Sword, Left, Sword, Sword, Down, Right, Down, Left, Sword, Right, Left, Sword, Sword, Right, Left (grab Hourglass)42.
7: The Ring	No Treasures	Up, Right (remove the ring), Left, Up, Up (put ring on Mordroc), Down, Left, Right, Left, Right, Left, Right, Left, Sword42.
8: Daphne Awakens	No Treasures	Down (kiss Daphne), Sword (kill reptiles), Right42.

Spin-offs, Sequels, and Home Consoles

The immense computational weight of transferring LaserDisc video to home consoles meant that for years, players could only experience fragmented versions of the games on floppy disks or cartridges.

• Dragon's Lair: Escape from Singe's Castle (1987) & The Curse of Mordread (1992): Because home computers like the Amiga, Commodore 64, and MS-DOS PCs lacked the storage for the full arcade game, developers split Dragon's Lair into multiple releases. Escape from Singe's Castle featured the second half of the arcade rooms2. The Curse of Mordread acted as a pseudo-sequel on home computers, utilizing lost or unreleased footage from Dragon's Lair II (such as the "Blackbeard the Pirate" stage) combined with an original narrative involving Mordroc's sister, Mordread2.
• Dragon's Lair 3D: Return to the Lair (2002): In an attempt to modernize the franchise, Don Bluth and Ubisoft released a fully 3D action-adventure game for the GameCube, Xbox, and PS2. Unlike the FMV originals, players had complete direct control over Dirk, allowing for exploration, jumping, and climbing, while retaining the signature cel-shaded aesthetic to mimic Bluth's animation2.

Competitors and the Broader Laserdisc Market

The success of Dragon's Lair spawned an entirely new, albeit short-lived, arcade genre. Manufacturers scrambled to produce LaserDisc games to capture the public's fascination, leading to a flood of competitors9.

Rick Dyer and the Halcyon Console

Following his work on Dragon's Lair and Space Ace, designer Rick Dyer sought to bring LaserDisc gaming to the living room via a proprietary console called the "Halcyon"46. Retailing for an exorbitant $2,500, the system featured voice recognition technology46.
To launch the Halcyon, Dyer’s company, RDI, developed Thayer's Quest (1984). Unlike Bluth's reaction-based games, Thayer's Quest functioned more like a graphical adventure. In arcades, it utilized a membrane keyboard instead of a joystick, requiring players to input character names, manage an inventory of magical items, and choose specific spells to overcome obstacles46. It lacked Don Bluth's animation, resulting in a noticeable drop in visual quality, and proved far less successful than its predecessors48.

The Japanese Influence and FMV Shooters

While American studios focused on animated narratives, Japanese developers utilized laserdisc technology for high-speed action and licensed anime:

• Cliff Hanger (1983): Developed by Stern, this game utilized edited footage from the acclaimed anime films The Castle of Cagliostro and The Mystery of Mamo, featuring the master thief Lupin III. It required inputs to match the fast-paced martial arts and driving sequences of the films49.
• Astron Belt (1983) & M.A.C.H. 3 (1983): These titles pioneered the FMV rail-shooter. They superimposed computer-generated player ships over pre-recorded laserdisc background footage of space battles and high-speed aerial canyon runs, blending live-action/model sets with traditional arcade shooting32.
• Esh's Aurunmilla (1984): A bizarre hybrid blending the aesthetics of Space Ace and Dragon's Lair. The player controls Don Davis (bearing the initials D.D., an homage to Dirk and Dexter) in a sci-fi fantasy environment with punishing timing windows51.

The Live-Action Era and Unreleased Concepts

As the 1980s gave way to the 1990s, companies like American Laser Games pivoted away from animation toward live-action FMV light-gun games. Titles like Mad Dog McCree (1990), Crime Patrol, and Space Pirates utilized live actors and laserdisc seeking to create interactive shooting galleries32.
Furthermore, Don Bluth's studio had several other ambitious laserdisc concepts that never saw the light of day due to the arcade crash. Unreleased titles included Drac, Sea Beast, Cro Magnon, and Sorceress, which would have further expanded the animated FMV genre had the market sustained itself52.

Why They Were Legendary: Cultural Impact and Legacy

The phenomenon of Dragon's Lair, Space Ace, and their sequels cannot be overstated. In 1983, entering an arcade and seeing a feature-film-quality cartoon reacting to a joystick was a transcendent experience for gamers29. Several core factors contributed to their legendary status:
First, the physical presence of the machines altered the social dynamic of the arcade. Due to the layout of the tall cabinets, crowds would form several deep just to watch someone play. To accommodate this, many arcades installed secondary "observer monitors" directly above the cabinet, turning the act of playing Dragon's Lair into a public, theatrical performance3.
Second, the games birthed the Quick Time Event (QTE). While contemporary critics often derided them as "skill-less" memorization exercises or "quarter-eaters"10, Bluth and Dyer inadvertently laid the groundwork for modern cinematic gaming. The binary input/reaction system pioneered here is the direct mechanical ancestor to the cinematic prompts used heavily in modern franchises like Shenmue, God of War, and the interactive narratives of Quantic Dream and Telltale Games6.
Third, the unrelenting difficulty served as a form of social currency. Because visual cues were obtuse (or entirely absent in some un-prompted scenes), progression required absolute rote memorization10. Players essentially crowdsourced the solutions on the arcade floor. Knowing exactly when to pull the sword in the Tentacle Room became a badge of honor, justifying the steep 50-cent price per play at a time when most games cost a quarter3.
Finally, the endurance of the franchise through home ports cemented its legacy. Long after the laserdisc format died, the sheer beauty of Don Bluth's animation kept the franchise alive. Dragon's Lair and Space Ace have been ported to nearly every platform in existence—from the Sega CD and 3DO to the Nintendo DS, Blu-Ray players, and modern digital storefronts—cementing their status as immortal artifacts of video game history6.

Conclusion

The Dragon's Lair and Space Ace franchise represents a unique, isolated evolutionary branch in video game history. Forced by the computational limitations of the early 1980s to separate player input from real-time rendering, Don Bluth and Rick Dyer created an optical illusion of control that captivated a generation3. While the brutal, trial-and-error gameplay of hunting for fraction-of-a-second input windows and dodging hundreds of grotesque death nodes is anachronistic by today's design standards, the sheer ambition of these titles remains unparalleled. They proved that video games could be theatrical, character-driven, and narratively cinematic—a vision that the rest of the gaming industry would spend the next two decades trying to realize in real-time 3D.

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44. Dragon's Lair Part II: Escape from Singe's Castle - Guide and Walkthrough - Commodore 64, https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/c64/569066-dragons-lair-part-ii-escape-from-singes-castle/faqs/42366
45. Dragon's Lair III: The Curse of Mordread (PC) - All Game Over Scenes - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvduNB6owS8
46. Dragon's Lair and the Laser Game Craze | The Dot Eaters | Page 4, https://thedoteaters.com/?bitstory=bitstory-article-2%2Fdragons-lair-and-the-laser-game-craze&page=4
47. The Lives and Deaths of the Interactive Movie - IGN Nordic, https://nordic.ign.com/astron-belt/68945/feature/the-lives-and-deaths-of-the-interactive-movie?p=2
48. TIL of the Halcyon, a $2500, LaserDisc-based video game console from 1985. It was entirely voice-activated, and the manufacturer claimed it was as 'intelligent' as the HAL 9000. It never saw commercial release, and fewer than a dozen still exist. : r/todayilearned - Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/47pinn/til_of_the_halcyon_a_2500_laserdiscbased_video/
49. 20 Games That Defined Laserdisc Gaming - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-KJUx-L2Wc
50. Cliff Hanger - Guide and Walkthrough - Arcade Games - By ASchultz - GameFAQs, https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/arcade/584081-cliff-hanger/faqs/54184
51. Esh's Aurunmilla - Guide and Walkthrough - Arcade Games - By ASchultz - GameFAQs, https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/arcade/567047-eshs-aurunmilla/faqs/54339
52. Unreleased Game Plans and Prototypes - The Dragon's Lair Project, http://www.dragons-lair-project.com/games/unreleased/
53. Space Ace Arcade Review | Indie Gamer Chick, https://indiegamerchick.com/tag/space-ace-arcade-review/